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Ladder of Inference

The Ladder of Inference describes the thinking process that we go through, usually without realizing it, to get from a fact to a decision or action.  In today’s fast-paced world, we are often under pressure to jump to action rather than observe and reflect on the facts presented to us. 

  • Data/observable situation - The first rung of the latter is the quantitative or qualitative data that is made available to us: facts, figures, general information, exhibited behaviors of others
  • Cultural assumptions - Filters of interpretation including past experience, roles and responsibilities, priorities, values
  • Conclusions / assessments - Over time, as we interpret data, we develop our own story about a person or situation; our conclusions are reinforcing because they influence our own perceptions.
  • Beliefs - our conclusions about people, ideas, strategies become hardened into our core beliefs about the world
  • Noble certainties - Our fundamental beliefs eventually become ‘noble certainties’ - ideas that are so self evident and obvious to us we cannot conceive of an alternative worldview.

Thinking through the rungs in the ladder of inference will help build transparency in communication, creating more constructive and understanding conversation.

Source: Adapted from "The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization." by Peter Senge

Reflect

Think about a recent time you or someone else jumped to a conclusion without understanding underlying beliefs and assumptions. Refer to the above article by Peter Senge if you need a examples:

  • What behavior manifested?
  • What assumptions, conclusions, or beliefs may have been at play?
  • What could you have done differently for a better outcome?

Recognize there are “diverse ways of knowing” - how anyone came to know and understand a topic or develop “noble certainties”; consider how you have come to know the world around you.

In Practice

Next time you notice yourself reacting to a situation, stop and think through your own ladder

  • What beliefs are at play and where did they come from? 
  • What data did you filter in based on those beliefs? 
  • Are your assumptions valid and supported by facts?
  • What perspectives are missing?

Make your thinking and reasoning more visible to others (i.e. “Here’s what I think, and here’s how I got there.”)

State the observable data and further inquire, i.e. “I see you looking at your watch often. Are you in a hurry?”

Assuming we know what others think or how they process is problematic particularly in equity work. Inquire more effectively into others’ thinking and reasoning (i.e. “Help me understand your thinking. What leads you to conclude this?”).

Build in supports such as a meeting facilitator to ensure the topic at hand is not lost.

Going Further

Watch

For a process to rethink the way we interact

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Last Updated March 10, 2022